Heat treatment to anneal residual stresses during additive manufacturing

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to a method of producing a product through additive manufacturing with heat treatment. The method involves using a fusing beam to melt powder particles disposed on a substrate. The fused powder particles are then heat treated with a heat treating beam. The heat treatment is thus completed on a given layer prior to laying down additional new layers of material. In one implementation the heat treatment is an annealing operation. The method may further involve providing a new layer of powdered material on top of the layer of fused powder particles subsequent to the heat treatment, and repeating the melting and heat treating operations in a layer-by-layer fashion until the part is completed.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of and claims priority to U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/794,835, filed on Feb. 19, 2020, which is adivisional and claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/008,989, filed on Jan. 28, 2016 (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,618,111). Theentire disclosures of each of the above applications are incorporatedherein by reference.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO APPLICATIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSOREDRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

The United States Government has rights in this application pursuant toContract No. DE-AC52-07NA27344 between the United States Department ofEnergy and Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC for the operationof Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

FIELD OF ENDEAVOR

The present application relates to additive manufacturing and moreparticularly to heat treatment to anneal residual stresses duringadditive manufacturing.

BACKGROUND

This section provides background information related to the presentdisclosure which is not necessarily prior art.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,944,817 for multiple material systems for selective beamsintering issued Jul. 31, 1990 to David L. Bourell et al and assigned toBoard of Regents, The University of Texas System provides the state oftechnology information reproduced below.

A method and apparatus for selectively sintering a layer of powder toproduce a part comprising a plurality of sintered layers. The apparatusincludes a computer controlling a laser to direct the laser energy ontothe powder to produce a sintered mass. The computer either determines oris programmed with the boundaries of the desired cross-sectional regionsof the part. For each cross-section, the aim of the laser beam isscanned over a layer of powder and the beam is switched on to sinteronly the powder within the boundaries of the cross-section. Powder isapplied and successive layers sintered until a completed part is formed.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,155,324 for a method for selective laser sintering withlayer-wise cross-scanning issued Oct. 12, 1992 to Carl R, Deckard et al,University of Texas at Austin, provides the state of technologyinformation reproduced below.

Selective laser sintering is a relatively new method for producing partsand other freeform solid articles in a layer-by-layer fashion. Thismethod forms such articles by the mechanism of sintering, which refersto a process by which particulates are made to form a solid mass throughthe application of external energy. According to selective lasersintering, the external energy is focused and controlled by controllingthe laser to sinter selected locations of a heat-fusible powder. Byperforming this process in layer-by-layer fashion, complex parts andfreeform solid articles which cannot be fabricated easily (if at all) bysubtractive methods such as machining can be quickly and accuratelyfabricated. Accordingly, this method is particularly beneficial in theproduction of prototype parts, and is particularly useful in thecustomized manufacture of such parts and articles in a unified mannerdirectly from computer-aided-design (CAD) orcomputer-aided-manufacturing (CAM) data bases.

Selective laser sintering is performed by depositing a layer of aheat-fusible powder onto a target surface; examples of the types ofpowders include metal powders, polymer powders such as wax that can besubsequently used in investment casting, ceramic powders, and plasticssuch as ABS plastic, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polycarbonate and otherpolymers. Portions of the layer of powder corresponding to across-sectional layer of the part to be produced are exposed to afocused and directionally controlled energy beam, such as generated by alaser having its direction controlled by mirrors, under the control of acomputer. The portions of the powder exposed to the laser energy aresintered into a solid mass in the manner described hereinabove. Afterthe selected portions of the layer have been so sintered or bonded,another layer of powder is placed over the layer previously selectivelysintered, and the energy beam is directed to sinter portions of the newlayer according to the next cross-sectional layer of the part to beproduced. The sintering of each layer not only forms a solid mass withinthe layer, but also sinters each layer to previously sintered powderunderlying the newly sintered portion. In this manner, the selectivelaser sintering method builds a part in layer-wise fashion, withflexibility, accuracy, and speed of fabrication superior to conventionalmachining methods.

SUMMARY

This section provides a general summary of the disclosure, and is not acomprehensive disclosure of its full scope or all of its features.

In one aspect the present disclosure relates to a method of producing aproduct through additive manufacturing with heat treatment. The methodmay comprise the steps of providing a substrate, positioning a layer ofpowder particles on the substrate producing an interface between thelayer of powder particles and the substrate, and melting the powderparticles with a fusing beam. The fusing beam may be impressed with atwo dimensional pattern containing image information from a first layerto be printed. The fusing beam fuses the powder particles with thesubstrate in a desired shape and pattern producing fused powderparticles. The method may further include heat treating the fused powderparticles with a beam impressed with an additional two dimensionalpattern. The additional two dimensional pattern may contain imageinformation from the first layer to be printed to achieve heat treatmentof the product. The heat treating may be completed prior to laying downadditional new layers of material. The heat treatment may comprise anannealing operation implemented using the additional two dimensionalpattern on at least one or more portions of one or more intermediatelayers of the part. The method may further include providing a new layerof powdered material on top of said layer of fused powder particlessubsequent to said heat treatment, and repeating the melting and heattreating operations in a layer-by-layer fashion using the twodimensional pattern and the additional two dimensional pattern, untilthe part is completed.

In another aspect the present disclosure relates to a method ofproducing a product through additive manufacturing with heat treatment.The method may comprise the steps of providing a substrate, positioninga layer of powder particles on the substrate producing an interfacebetween said layer of powder particles and the substrate, and using alaser to melt the powder particles with a laser beam. The laser beam maybe impressed with a two dimensional pattern containing image informationfrom a first layer to be printed in making the product. The laser beammay be used to fuse the powder particles with the substrate in a desiredshape and pattern producing fused powder particles. The method mayfurther include heat treating the fused powder particles with anadditional laser beam impressed with an additional two dimensionalpattern containing additional image information to achieve heattreatment of the product, prior to laying down additional new layers ofmaterial. The heat treatment may comprise an annealing operationimplemented using the additional two dimensional pattern.

In still another aspect the present disclosure relates to a method ofproducing a product through additive manufacturing with heat treatment.The method may include providing a substrate, positioning a layer ofpowder particles on the substrate producing an interface between saidlayer of powder particles and the substrate, and melting the powderparticles. Melting of the powder particles may be accomplished with afirst laser beam impressed with a two dimensional pattern containingimage information from a first layer to be printed, to fuse the powderparticles with the substrate and produce fused powder particles. Themethod may further include performing an annealing operation with asecond laser beam impressed with an additional two dimensional patterncontaining additional image information to achieve heat treatment of atleast a portion of the first layer of the product, prior to laying downadditional new layers of material. The method may further includeperforming a laser peening operation on at least a portion of the firstlayer of the product, then providing a new layer of powdered material ontop of the first layer of fused powder particles subsequent to the heattreatment, and then repeating the melting, annealing and laser peeningoperations in a layer-by-layer fashion using the two dimensional patternand the additional two dimensional pattern, until the part is completed.

Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the descriptionprovided herein. The description and specific examples in this summaryare intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended tolimit the scope of the present disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and constitute apart of the specification, illustrate specific embodiments of theapparatus, systems, and methods and, together with the generaldescription given above, and the detailed description of the specificembodiments, serve to explain the principles of the apparatus, systems,and methods.

An embodiment of the inventor's apparatus, systems, and methods isillustrated in the single FIGURE of drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

Referring to the drawings, to the following detailed description, and toincorporated materials, detailed information about the apparatus,systems, and methods is provided including the description of specificembodiments. The detailed description serves to explain the principlesof the apparatus, systems, and methods. The apparatus, systems, andmethods are susceptible to modifications and alternative forms. Theapplication is not limited to the particular forms disclosed. Theapplication covers all modifications, equivalents, and alternativesfalling within the spirit and scope of the apparatus, systems, andmethods as defined by the claims.

Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, is the process of turningdigital designs into three-dimensional objects. It is a convenient andaffordable way to make prototypes as well as finished products, makingit popular with businesses, hobbyists and inventors. One of thetechnologies used by today's 3D printers is called selective lasersintering (SLS). SLS is a manufacturing technology that was created inthe 1980s at The University of Texas at Austin. During SLS, tinyparticles of plastic, ceramic or glass are fused together by heat from ahigh-power laser to form a solid, three-dimensional object. Anothertechnology used by today's 3D printers is called selective laser melting(SLM). SLM is similar to SLS except that metal powder is used to form athree-dimensional product.

Like all methods of 3D printing, an object printed with an SLS or SLMmachine starts as a computer-aided design (CAD) file. CAD files areconverted to .STL format, which can be understood by a 3D printingapparatus. Objects printed with SLS or SLM are made with powdermaterials, most commonly plastics such as nylon in SLS, and metalpowders in SLM, which are dispersed in a thin layer on top of the buildplatform inside an SLS or SLM machine. A laser, which is controlled by acomputer that tells it what object to “print,” is incident on theplatform, tracing a cross-section of the object onto the powder.

Initially a 3D model of the desired product is designed by any suitablemethod, e.g., by bit mapping or by computer aided design (CAD) softwareat a PC/controller. The CAD model of the desired product iselectronically sliced into series of 2-dimensional data files, i.e., 2Dlayers, each defining a planar cross section through the model of thedesired product. The 2-dimensional data files are stored in a computerand provide a digital image of the final product.

The digital images are used in the additive manufacturing system toproduce the final product. Solidified powder particles are applied to asubstrate in a layer by layer process to produce the final product. Thedigital image of the first 2D layer is used to produce the first layerof the desired product.

A first embodiment of the inventor's apparatus, systems, and methods isillustrated in the drawing. This embodiment is designated generally bythe reference numeral 100. A delivery system directs metal powderparticles from a material build supply onto a substrate 102. A fusinglight source 110 directs a projected beam 114 onto the layer of metalpowder particles 104 that have been deposited on the substrate 102. Thedigital image of the first 2D layer is used to produce the first layerof the desired product. Relative movement between the projected beam 114and the substrate 102 is indicated by the arrow 118.

The projected beam 114 containing the digital image of the first 2Dlayer is projected from the fusing light source 110 onto the layer ofmetal powder particles 104 that has been deposited on the substrate 102.The projected beam 114 solidifies the metal powder particles accordingto the digital image of the first 2D layer information producing thesintered layer 106.

The sintered layer 104 is heat treated to remove residual stress in thefirst and subsequent layers to improve the quality of the final product.Residual stresses are common in additive manufacturing due to localizedheat deposition into the powder bed, and the cooling process thatfollows. Residual stresses can weaken the part being formed and causechanges in dimension while being formed, or afterwards. These stressescan cause internal cracking or yielding and present a serious problem inadditive manufacturing technology.

The inventor's apparatus, systems, and methods utilize a secondaryenergy source 112 to peen or anneal residual stresses developed duringthe additive manufacturing process. A beam 116 is projected from thesecondary energy source 112 onto the sintered layer 104 to removeresidual stress in the sintered layer and produce the final layer 108.Relative movement between the beam 116 and the substrate 102 isindicated by the arrow 118.

Once the first layer 108 is completed, production of the second layer ofthe product is started. A second layer of metal powder particles isapplied on top of the competed first layer 108. This procedure iscontinued by repeating the steps and building the final product in alayer by layer process. The inventor's apparatus, systems, and methodsremove residual stresses in each layer as it is formed and/or throughpost processing though peening or annealing through the use of lasers,diodes, other forms of electromagnetic radiation, or other heat sources.

The inventor's apparatus, systems, and methods uses laser peening andthermal annealing technology in situ with the additive manufacturingprocess to anneal residual stresses and harden the structure of parts asthey are being created. For Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) or DiodeAdditive Manufacturing (DiAM), these processes would be usedintermediately between layer development (or in a post processing step)to ensure that the residual stresses in that layer(s) were eliminated.Through peening, layer hardening and uniform compressive stresses couldbe added internally to the part instead of just on the skin depth whichis traditionally up to a couple millimeters. Upon part completion,peening and other thermal processes can be used to polish and smooth therough and sometime “stair-stepped” edges that result from the layer bylayer additive manufacturing process.

Although the description above contains many details and specifics,these should not be construed as limiting the scope of the applicationbut as merely providing illustrations of some of the presently preferredembodiments of the apparatus, systems, and methods. Otherimplementations, enhancements and variations can be made based on whatis described and illustrated in this patent document. The features ofthe embodiments described herein may be combined in all possiblecombinations of methods, apparatus, modules, systems, and computerprogram products. Certain features that are described in this patentdocument in the context of separate embodiments can also be implementedin combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features thatare described in the context of a single embodiment can also beimplemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitablesubcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above asacting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, oneor more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excisedfrom the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to asubcombination or variation of a subcombination. Similarly, whileoperations are depicted in the drawings in a particular order, thisshould not be understood as requiring that such operations be performedin the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that allillustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results.Moreover, the separation of various system components in the embodimentsdescribed above should not be understood as requiring such separation inall embodiments.

Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of the presentapplication fully encompasses other embodiments which may become obviousto those skilled in the art. In the claims, reference to an element inthe singular is not intended to mean “one and only one” unlessexplicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” All structural andfunctional equivalents to the elements of the above-described preferredembodiment that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art areexpressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to beencompassed by the present claims. Moreover, it is not necessary for adevice to address each and every problem sought to be solved by thepresent apparatus, systems, and methods, for it to be encompassed by thepresent claims. Furthermore, no element or component in the presentdisclosure is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless ofwhether the element or component is explicitly recited in the claims. Noclaim element herein is to be construed under the provisions of 35U.S.C. 112, sixth paragraph, unless the element is expressly recitedusing the phrase “means for.”

While the apparatus, systems, and methods may be susceptible to variousmodifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have beenshown by way of example in the drawings and have been described indetail herein. However, it should be understood that the application isnot intended to be limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather,the application is to cover all modifications, equivalents, andalternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the application asdefined by the following appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of producing a product through additivemanufacturing with heat treatment, the method comprising the steps of:providing a substrate; positioning a layer of powder particles on saidsubstrate producing an interface between said layer of powder particlesand said substrate; melting said powder particles with a fusing beam, tofuse said powder particles with said substrate in a desired shape andpattern producing fused powder particles; heat treating said fusedpowder particles with a heat treating beam to achieve heat treatment ofthe product, prior to laying down additional new layers of material;wherein the heat treatment comprises an annealing on at least one ormore portions of one or more intermediate layers of the part; providinga new layer of powdered material on top of said layer of fused powderparticles subsequent to said heat treatment; and repeating said meltingand heat treating operations in a layer-by-layer fashion, until the partis completed.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein heat treating said fusedpowder particles comprises using a laser to perform the heat treating.3. The method of claim 1, wherein heat treating said fused powderparticles comprises using a diode laser to perform the heat treating. 4.The method of claim 1, wherein heat treating said fused powder particlescomprises using a source of electromagnetic radiation to perform theheat treating.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein heat treating saidfused powder particles comprises using an electron beam to perform saidheat treating.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising performing alaser peening operation on said fused powder particles.
 7. The method ofclaim 6, wherein the laser peening operation is performed using anadditional laser.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the fusing beamcomprises a two dimensional pattern to selectively fuse only specificportions of the layer of powder particles.
 9. The method of claim 1,wherein the heat treating beam comprises a two dimensional pattern toselectively heat treat only specific portions of the layer of fusedpowder particles.
 10. A method of producing a product through additivemanufacturing with heat treatment, the method comprising the steps of:providing a substrate; positioning a layer of powder particles on saidsubstrate producing an interface between said layer of powder particlesand said substrate; using a laser to melt said powder particles with alaser beam impressed with a two dimensional pattern containing imageinformation from a first layer to be printed in making the product, tofuse said powder particles with said substrate in a desired shape andpattern producing fused powder particles; heat treating said fusedpowder particles with an additional laser beam to achieve heat treatmentof the product, prior to laying down additional new layers of material;and wherein the heat treatment comprises an annealing operation.
 11. Themethod of claim 10, further comprising providing a new layer of powderedmaterial on top of said layer of fused powder particles subsequent tosaid heat treatment.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprisingrepeating said melting and heat treating operations in a layer-by-layerfashion, until the part is completed.
 13. The method of claim 10,wherein using a laser comprises using a diode laser.
 14. The method ofclaim 10, wherein heat treating said fused powder particles comprisesusing a diode laser to perform the heat treating using a 2D pattern. 15.The method of claim 10, wherein heat treating said fused powderparticles comprises using a source of electromagnetic radiation toperform the heat treating.
 16. The method of claim 10, wherein heattreating said fused powder particles comprises using an electron beam toperform the heat treating.
 17. The method of claim 10, furthercomprising performing a laser peening operation on said fused powderparticles.
 18. A method of producing a product through additivemanufacturing with heat treatment, the method comprising the steps of:providing a substrate; positioning a layer of powder particles on saidsubstrate producing an interface between said layer of powder particlesand said substrate; melting said powder particles with a first laserbeam to fuse said powder particles with said substrate, and thusproducing fused powder particles; performing an annealing operation witha second laser beam impressed with a two dimensional pattern containingimage information, to achieve heat treatment of at least a portion ofthe first layer of the product in accordance with the two dimensionalpattern, prior to laying down additional new layers of material;providing a new layer of powdered material on top of the first layer offused powder particles subsequent to the heat treatment; and repeatingsaid melting and annealing in a layer-by-layer fashion, until the partis completed.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein performing anannealing operation with a second laser beam comprises using at leastone of: a diode laser; a source of electromagnetic radiation; or anelectron beam.
 20. The method of claim 18, wherein the first laser beamimpresses the fusing beam with a two dimensional pattern for selectivelyfusing only selection portions of the powder particles.